The Battle of Hastings: Norman Conquest of England #history

The Battle of Hastings was a pivotal confrontation that took place on October 14, 1066. It was fought between the Norman-French army led by Duke William II of Normandy and the English army under Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson. The battle was a decisive Norman victory, profoundly altering the course of English history.

The background of the battle involves a dispute over the succession to the English throne after the death of Edward the Confessor in January 1066. Harold Godwinson was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot (the council of nobles), but his claim was contested by William of Normandy, who argued that Edward had promised him the throne during a visit to Normandy in 1064-65 and that Harold had sworn an oath to support William's claim.

William assembled a large invasion force and landed in southern England at Pevensey on September 28, 1066. Harold, who had just defeated another rival invader, Harald Hardrada of Norway, at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in the north, marched his army south to meet the Norman threat.

The battle occurred near Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex. Harold's forces took a defensive position on Senlac Hill (now commonly known as Battle Hill), while the Normans attacked. The English army, composed primarily of infantry with a small number of archers, held their ground against the initial Norman assaults. The Normans, with their mixed force of infantry, cavalry, and archers, employed feigned retreats to draw out and break the English shield wall, a tactic that eventually led to Harold's death and the collapse of his army.

The victory at Hastings allowed William to capture London and be crowned King of England on Christmas Day 1066, marking the beginning of Norman rule over England. This event led to significant changes in the English language, culture, and society, including the introduction of Norman French as the language of the ruling class and significant changes in the English legal system and governance. The Battle of Hastings is a cornerstone of English medieval history and is commemorated by the Bayeux Tapestry, which chronicles the events leading up to and including the battle.

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